Peptides are short chains of amino acids that play critical roles in biological systems, acting as hormones, signaling molecules, and antimicrobial agents. Their high specificity, low toxicity, and diverse functions have made them a cornerstone of biomedical research and therapeutic development.
Biological Roles of Peptides
Hormones and Signaling Molecules: Peptides such as insulin and glucagon regulate metabolic processes. Insulin facilitates glucose uptake in tissues, maintaining blood sugar levels. Similarly, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) modulates insulin secretion and appetite.
Antimicrobial Activity: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including defensins and cathelicidins, are essential components of the innate immune system. They disrupt microbial membranes, providing a first line of defense against pathogens.
Immune Regulation: Peptides like cytokines and chemokines orchestrate immune responses by directing immune cell migration and modulating inflammation.
Therapeutic Applications
Cancer Therapy: Peptide-based drugs, such as somatostatin analogs (e.g., octreotide), target receptors overexpressed in cancer cells, inhibiting tumor growth and hormone secretion.
Diabetes Management: GLP-1 receptor agonists, including liraglutide and exenatide, are used to treat type 2 diabetes. These peptides enhance insulin secretion, suppress glucagon release, and promote satiety.
Antimicrobial Agents: Peptide antibiotics like daptomycin are effective against drug-resistant bacteria, offering a critical tool in combating infections.
Cosmetic Applications: Peptides such as palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl) are used in anti-aging skincare products to stimulate collagen production and reduce wrinkles.
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